Abbots carry the pastoral staff only when specially empowered by the pope to do so, and then only in the territory under the jurisdiction of their monastery and in the churches subordinated to it.
Established an international Benedictine College in Rome for theological studies, and conferred on its abbot the title of Abbot Primate, with precedence among Black Monk abbots.
It came, however, to symbolize the exemption of the abbots from episcopal jurisdiction, their quasi-episcopal character, and their immediate dependence on the Holy See.
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